Arlazarov, Ushkov, and Donskoy in Moscow 1980 Gift of Monroe Newborn 102645411				In 1971, Soviet scientists (l-r): Vladimir Arlazarov, Alexander Ushkov, and Mikhail Donskoy at Moscow’s Institute for Control Science, created the chess program Kaissa which included many original software features such as “bit boards.” In 1974, Kaissa won all four games at the First World Computer Chess Championship in Stockholm.